ATUALIZAÇÃO SOBRE PACIENTES COM HERPES VÍRUS HUMANO (HHV-8) E HIV/AIDS QUE DESENVOLVERAM SARCOMA DE KAPOSI: revisão integrativa
Resumo
RESUMO: O agente causador do Sarcoma de Kaposi (SK) é o herpes vírus humano tipo 8 (HHV-8). Sabe-se que pacientes imunossuprimidos apresenta maior chance de desenvolver tumores e, portanto, esse artigo teve como objetivo caracterizar, através do estudo de artigos científicos, os pacientes com HIV/AIDS infectados pelo vírus HHV-8 que desenvolveram SK e suas manifestações clínicas. Utilizamos como metodologia a pesquisa e revisão integrativa da literatura sobre os assuntos correlacionados ao objetivo do artigo. Foi possível apresentar dados sobre o aumento na prevalência do HHV-8 em pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS, principalmente na África subsariana e também relatar novidades na caracterização de antígenos de HHV-8 para seu controle e tratamento. Infelizmente os bancos de dados sobre o diagnóstico e segmento para o tratamento de pacientes positivos para o HHV-8 e HIV é muito incompleto impossibilitando dados mais conclusivos no Brasil.
Palavras Chave: Sarcoma de Kaposi. Herpes Vírus Humano. HHV 8. SKHV. HIV.
Referências
ANDREONI, M. et al. Primary human herpesvirus 8 infection in immunocompetent children. Journal of the American Medical Association, v. 287, p. 1295-1300, 2002.
BORGES, J. D. et al. Transmission of Human Herpesvirus Type 8 Infection Within Families in American Indigenous Populations From the Brazilian Amazon. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, v. 205, p. 1869–1876, 2012.
BRASIL. Ministério da Saúde - Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde - Departamento de Vigilância. Prevenção e Controle das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, do HIV/Aids e das Hepatites Virais. Boletim Epidemiológico - Aids e IST. 2017.
BROCCOLO, F. et al. HHV-8 DNA replication correlates with the clinical status in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Virol, v. 78, p. 47-52, 2016.
CAHÚ, Georgea Gertrudes de Oliveira Mendes. Prevalência e Fatores de Risco da Infecção pelo HHV-8 em Pessoas Vivendo com HIV/AIDS Acompanhadas em Serviço de Referência no Recife/PE. 80f. Dissertação de Mestrado-Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife/PE, 2015.
CHATLYNNE, L. G. et al. Detection and titration of human herpesvirus-8-specific antibodies in sera from blood donors, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients, and Kaposi’s sarcoma patients using a whole virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood, v. 92, p. 53-8, 1998.
CHIU Y-F. et al. Kaposi’s sarcoma–associated herpesvirus stably clusters its genomes across generations to maintain itself extrachromosomally. The Journal of Cell Biology, v. 216, n. 9, p. 2745-2758, 2017.
CRUM-CIANFLONE, N. F. et al. Is Kaposi’s sarcoma occurring at higher CD4 cell counts over the course of the HIV epidemic? AIDS, v. 24, n. 18, p. 2881. 2010.
DE SOUZA, V. A. et al. Seroreactivity to Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) latent nuclear antigen in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma patients depends on CD4+ T-cell count. Journal of MedicalVirology, v. 79, p. 1562–1568, 2007.
DITTMER, D. P.; DAMANIA, B. Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus: immunobiology, oncogenesis, and therapy. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, v. 126, n. 9, p. 3165-3175, 2016.
EDELMAN, D.C. Human herpesvirus 8-A novel human pathogen. Virology Journal, v. 2, p. 78, 2005.
ENGELS, E. A. et al. Detection and quantification of Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus to predict AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. AIDS, v. 17, p. 1847–1851, 2003.
FAJGENBAUM, D. C. et al. International, evidence-based consensus diagnostic criteria for HHV-8–negative/idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease. Blood, v. 129, n. 12, p. 1646-1657, 2017.
FERNANDES, S. et al. CUTANEOUS SARCOMA – From diagnosis to treatment. Revista SPDV, v. 70, p 319-330, 2012.
FOREMAN, K.; BONISH, B.; NICKOLOFF, B. Absence of human herpesvirus 8 DNA sequences in patients with immunosuppression- associated dermatofibromas. Archives of Dermatology, v. 133, p. 108-9, 1997.
GOVINDAN, B. Recapitulation of acquired immuno deficiency syndrome associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS, v. 37, n. 2, p.115-122, 2016.
GRINDE, B. Herpesviruses: latency and reactivation - viral strategies and host response. J Oral Microbiol, v. 25, n. 5, 2013.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Biological Agents, A Review of Human Carcinogen. Lyon, France. International Agency for Research on Cancer, v. 100 B, 2012. Disponível em: ?https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications-volumes? Acesso em 16 de setembro de 2018.
ISAACS T. et al. Genetic diversity of HHV8 subtypes in South Africa: A5 subtype is associated with extensive disease in AIDS-KS. J Med Virol, v. 88, n. 2, p. 292-303, 2016.
KALIL, J. A. et. al. Sarcoma de Kaposi em Membros Inferiores: relato de caso. J Vasc Bras, v. 9, n. 4, 2010.
KATANO, H. Pathological Features of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection, Adv Exp Med Biol, v.1045, p. 357-376, 2018.
KOURI, V. et al. Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Human Herpesvirus 8 in Cuba: Evidence of subtype B expansion. Virology, v. 432, p. 361–369, 2012.
KRISHNAN, H et al. Concurrent expression of latent and a limited number of lytic genes with immune modulation and antiapoptotic function by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus early during infection of primary endothelial and fibroblast cells and subsequent decline of lytic gene expression. Journal of Virology, v.78, p. 3601–3620, 2004.
LAURENT, C.; MEGGETTO, F.; BROUSSET, P. Human herpesvirus 8 infections in patients with immunodeficiencies. Human Pathology, v. 39, p. 983–993, 2008.
MAGRI, M. C. et al. A Comparative Study of the Frequency of Antibody and Titers Against Human Herpesvirus 8 Latent and Lytic Antigens in ‘‘At-Risk’’ Individuals and Among Patients With Kaposi’s Sarcoma. Journal of Medical Virology, v. 81, p. 1292–1297, 2009.
MALDONADO, G. C. et al. Estudo clínico de Sarcoma de Kaposi em pacientes com HIV/AIDS, de 1985-1994 e 2005-2014. Revista HIPE, v. 14, s. 1, p. 36-41, 2015.
MANCUSO, R. et al. Intrafamiliar transmission of HHV-8 and seronegative infection in family members of classic Kaposi’s sarcoma patients. The Journal of General Virology, v. 92, p. 744-751, 2011.
MANSINHO, A. et. al. Abordagem Terapêutica do Sarcoma de Kaposi-A Importância da Multidisciplinaridade. Revista SPDV, v. 73, n. 2, p. 199-208, 2015.
MOHANNA, S.; MACO, V.; BRAVO, F.; GOTUZZO, E. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of classic Kaposi’s sarcoma, seroprevalence, and variants of human herpesvirus 8 in South America: A critical review of an old disease. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, v. 9, p. 239-250, 2005.
OHE, E. M. D. N. et. al. Sarcoma de Kaposi Clássico Fatal. An Bras Dermatol, v. 85, n. 3, p. 375-379, 2010.
OKSENHENDLER, E. et al. Transient angiolymphoid hyperplasia and Kaposi's sarcoma after primary infection with human herpesvirus 8 in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The New England Journal of Medicine, v. 338, p. 1585-90, 1998.
PALELLA, F. J. J. et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV outpatient study investigators. The New England Journal of Medicine, v. 338, p. 853–860, 1998.
PORTER, S.R.; DI ALBERTI, L.; KUMAR, N. Human Herpes Virus 8 (Kaposi’s Sarcoma Herpesvirus). Oral Oncol, v. 34, p. 5–14, 1998.
QU, L.; JENKINS, F.; TRIULZI, D. J. Human herpesvirus 8 genomes and seroprevalence in United States blood donors. Transfusion, v. 50, p. 1050–1056, 2010.
REINHEIMER, C. et al. Do fewer cases of Kaposi’s sarcoma in HIV-infected patients reflect a decrease in HHV8 seroprevalence? Medical Microbiology and Immunology, v. 200, p. 161–164, 2011.
SAMPAIO, Kamila Magalhães. Manifestações Dermatológicas Associadas ao Uso da Terapia Antirretroviral em Pacientes Infectados pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV): uma revisão de literatura. 33f. Dissertação de Monografia de Conclusão do Componente Curricular. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador/Bahia, 2013.
SCHNEIDER, J. W.; DITTMER, D. P. Diagnosis and Treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma. American journal of clinical dermatology, v. 18, n. 4, p. 529-539, 2017.
SERQUIÑA, A. K.; ZIEGELBAUER, J. M. How herpesviruses pass on their genomes. The Journal of Cell Biology, v. 216, n. 9, p. 2611-2613, 2017.
SIB. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Host-virus interaction and Chracterization of HHV-8. Disponível em: ?https://viralzone.expasy.org/176?outline=all_by_species?. Acesso em 16 de setembro de 2018.
SPEICHER, D. J. et al Diagnostic challenges of oral and cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma in resource?constrained settings. J Oral Pathol Med, v. 44, n. 10, p. 842-849, 2015.
SPIRA, T. J. et al. Comparison of serologic assays and PCR for diagnosis of human herpesvirus 8 infection. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v. 38, p. 2174– 2180, 2000.
STEBBING, J.et al. Disease-associated dendritic cells respond to disease-specific antigens through the common heat shock protein receptor. Blood, v. 102, p. 1806–1814, 2003.
TOZETTO-MENDOZA, T. R. et al. Genotypic distribution of HHV-8 in AIDS individuals without and with Kaposi sarcoma: Is genotype B associated with better prognosis of AIDS-KS? Medicine, v. 95, n. 48, p. 1-8, 2016.
ULDRICK, T. S.; WHITBY, D. Update on KSHV epidemiology, Kaposi Sarcoma pathogenesis, and treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma. Cancer Letters, v. 305, p. 150–162, 2011.
UNAIDS. UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2017. Disponível em ?http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2017_data-book_en.pdf?. Acesso em: 15 de setembro de 2018.
VU?INI?, D. et al. Kaposi's sarcoma in an HIV-negative chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient without immunosuppressive therapy: A case report. SAGE Open Medical Case Reports, v. 6, 2018.
WANG, Q. J. et al. Primary human herpesvirus 8 infection generates a broadly specific CD8(+) T-cell response to viral lytic cycle proteins. Blood, v. 97, p. 2366-73, 2001.
WEBSTER-CYRIAQUE, J. et al. Oral EBV and KSHV infection in HIV. Advances in Dental Research, v. 19, p. 91-95, 2006.
WEST, J. T.; WOOD, C.The role of Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8 regulator of transcription activation (RTA) in control of gene expression. Oncogene, v. 22, p. 5150-63, 2003.
WHO. World Health Organization. Global update on the health sector response to HIV, 2014. Disponível em: ?http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/128196/1/WHO_HIV_2014.15_eng.pdf?ua=1?. Acesso em 17 nov 2015.
YE, F.; LEI, X.; GAO, S-J. Mechanisms of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency and reactivation. Adv Virol, 2011.
BORGES, J. D. et al. Transmission of Human Herpesvirus Type 8 Infection Within Families in American Indigenous Populations From the Brazilian Amazon. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, v. 205, p. 1869–1876, 2012.
BRASIL. Ministério da Saúde - Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde - Departamento de Vigilância. Prevenção e Controle das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, do HIV/Aids e das Hepatites Virais. Boletim Epidemiológico - Aids e IST. 2017.
BROCCOLO, F. et al. HHV-8 DNA replication correlates with the clinical status in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Virol, v. 78, p. 47-52, 2016.
CAHÚ, Georgea Gertrudes de Oliveira Mendes. Prevalência e Fatores de Risco da Infecção pelo HHV-8 em Pessoas Vivendo com HIV/AIDS Acompanhadas em Serviço de Referência no Recife/PE. 80f. Dissertação de Mestrado-Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife/PE, 2015.
CHATLYNNE, L. G. et al. Detection and titration of human herpesvirus-8-specific antibodies in sera from blood donors, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients, and Kaposi’s sarcoma patients using a whole virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood, v. 92, p. 53-8, 1998.
CHIU Y-F. et al. Kaposi’s sarcoma–associated herpesvirus stably clusters its genomes across generations to maintain itself extrachromosomally. The Journal of Cell Biology, v. 216, n. 9, p. 2745-2758, 2017.
CRUM-CIANFLONE, N. F. et al. Is Kaposi’s sarcoma occurring at higher CD4 cell counts over the course of the HIV epidemic? AIDS, v. 24, n. 18, p. 2881. 2010.
DE SOUZA, V. A. et al. Seroreactivity to Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) latent nuclear antigen in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma patients depends on CD4+ T-cell count. Journal of MedicalVirology, v. 79, p. 1562–1568, 2007.
DITTMER, D. P.; DAMANIA, B. Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus: immunobiology, oncogenesis, and therapy. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, v. 126, n. 9, p. 3165-3175, 2016.
EDELMAN, D.C. Human herpesvirus 8-A novel human pathogen. Virology Journal, v. 2, p. 78, 2005.
ENGELS, E. A. et al. Detection and quantification of Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus to predict AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. AIDS, v. 17, p. 1847–1851, 2003.
FAJGENBAUM, D. C. et al. International, evidence-based consensus diagnostic criteria for HHV-8–negative/idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease. Blood, v. 129, n. 12, p. 1646-1657, 2017.
FERNANDES, S. et al. CUTANEOUS SARCOMA – From diagnosis to treatment. Revista SPDV, v. 70, p 319-330, 2012.
FOREMAN, K.; BONISH, B.; NICKOLOFF, B. Absence of human herpesvirus 8 DNA sequences in patients with immunosuppression- associated dermatofibromas. Archives of Dermatology, v. 133, p. 108-9, 1997.
GOVINDAN, B. Recapitulation of acquired immuno deficiency syndrome associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS, v. 37, n. 2, p.115-122, 2016.
GRINDE, B. Herpesviruses: latency and reactivation - viral strategies and host response. J Oral Microbiol, v. 25, n. 5, 2013.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Biological Agents, A Review of Human Carcinogen. Lyon, France. International Agency for Research on Cancer, v. 100 B, 2012. Disponível em: ?https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications-volumes? Acesso em 16 de setembro de 2018.
ISAACS T. et al. Genetic diversity of HHV8 subtypes in South Africa: A5 subtype is associated with extensive disease in AIDS-KS. J Med Virol, v. 88, n. 2, p. 292-303, 2016.
KALIL, J. A. et. al. Sarcoma de Kaposi em Membros Inferiores: relato de caso. J Vasc Bras, v. 9, n. 4, 2010.
KATANO, H. Pathological Features of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection, Adv Exp Med Biol, v.1045, p. 357-376, 2018.
KOURI, V. et al. Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Human Herpesvirus 8 in Cuba: Evidence of subtype B expansion. Virology, v. 432, p. 361–369, 2012.
KRISHNAN, H et al. Concurrent expression of latent and a limited number of lytic genes with immune modulation and antiapoptotic function by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus early during infection of primary endothelial and fibroblast cells and subsequent decline of lytic gene expression. Journal of Virology, v.78, p. 3601–3620, 2004.
LAURENT, C.; MEGGETTO, F.; BROUSSET, P. Human herpesvirus 8 infections in patients with immunodeficiencies. Human Pathology, v. 39, p. 983–993, 2008.
MAGRI, M. C. et al. A Comparative Study of the Frequency of Antibody and Titers Against Human Herpesvirus 8 Latent and Lytic Antigens in ‘‘At-Risk’’ Individuals and Among Patients With Kaposi’s Sarcoma. Journal of Medical Virology, v. 81, p. 1292–1297, 2009.
MALDONADO, G. C. et al. Estudo clínico de Sarcoma de Kaposi em pacientes com HIV/AIDS, de 1985-1994 e 2005-2014. Revista HIPE, v. 14, s. 1, p. 36-41, 2015.
MANCUSO, R. et al. Intrafamiliar transmission of HHV-8 and seronegative infection in family members of classic Kaposi’s sarcoma patients. The Journal of General Virology, v. 92, p. 744-751, 2011.
MANSINHO, A. et. al. Abordagem Terapêutica do Sarcoma de Kaposi-A Importância da Multidisciplinaridade. Revista SPDV, v. 73, n. 2, p. 199-208, 2015.
MOHANNA, S.; MACO, V.; BRAVO, F.; GOTUZZO, E. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of classic Kaposi’s sarcoma, seroprevalence, and variants of human herpesvirus 8 in South America: A critical review of an old disease. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, v. 9, p. 239-250, 2005.
OHE, E. M. D. N. et. al. Sarcoma de Kaposi Clássico Fatal. An Bras Dermatol, v. 85, n. 3, p. 375-379, 2010.
OKSENHENDLER, E. et al. Transient angiolymphoid hyperplasia and Kaposi's sarcoma after primary infection with human herpesvirus 8 in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The New England Journal of Medicine, v. 338, p. 1585-90, 1998.
PALELLA, F. J. J. et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV outpatient study investigators. The New England Journal of Medicine, v. 338, p. 853–860, 1998.
PORTER, S.R.; DI ALBERTI, L.; KUMAR, N. Human Herpes Virus 8 (Kaposi’s Sarcoma Herpesvirus). Oral Oncol, v. 34, p. 5–14, 1998.
QU, L.; JENKINS, F.; TRIULZI, D. J. Human herpesvirus 8 genomes and seroprevalence in United States blood donors. Transfusion, v. 50, p. 1050–1056, 2010.
REINHEIMER, C. et al. Do fewer cases of Kaposi’s sarcoma in HIV-infected patients reflect a decrease in HHV8 seroprevalence? Medical Microbiology and Immunology, v. 200, p. 161–164, 2011.
SAMPAIO, Kamila Magalhães. Manifestações Dermatológicas Associadas ao Uso da Terapia Antirretroviral em Pacientes Infectados pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV): uma revisão de literatura. 33f. Dissertação de Monografia de Conclusão do Componente Curricular. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador/Bahia, 2013.
SCHNEIDER, J. W.; DITTMER, D. P. Diagnosis and Treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma. American journal of clinical dermatology, v. 18, n. 4, p. 529-539, 2017.
SERQUIÑA, A. K.; ZIEGELBAUER, J. M. How herpesviruses pass on their genomes. The Journal of Cell Biology, v. 216, n. 9, p. 2611-2613, 2017.
SIB. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Host-virus interaction and Chracterization of HHV-8. Disponível em: ?https://viralzone.expasy.org/176?outline=all_by_species?. Acesso em 16 de setembro de 2018.
SPEICHER, D. J. et al Diagnostic challenges of oral and cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma in resource?constrained settings. J Oral Pathol Med, v. 44, n. 10, p. 842-849, 2015.
SPIRA, T. J. et al. Comparison of serologic assays and PCR for diagnosis of human herpesvirus 8 infection. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v. 38, p. 2174– 2180, 2000.
STEBBING, J.et al. Disease-associated dendritic cells respond to disease-specific antigens through the common heat shock protein receptor. Blood, v. 102, p. 1806–1814, 2003.
TOZETTO-MENDOZA, T. R. et al. Genotypic distribution of HHV-8 in AIDS individuals without and with Kaposi sarcoma: Is genotype B associated with better prognosis of AIDS-KS? Medicine, v. 95, n. 48, p. 1-8, 2016.
ULDRICK, T. S.; WHITBY, D. Update on KSHV epidemiology, Kaposi Sarcoma pathogenesis, and treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma. Cancer Letters, v. 305, p. 150–162, 2011.
UNAIDS. UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2017. Disponível em ?http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2017_data-book_en.pdf?. Acesso em: 15 de setembro de 2018.
VU?INI?, D. et al. Kaposi's sarcoma in an HIV-negative chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient without immunosuppressive therapy: A case report. SAGE Open Medical Case Reports, v. 6, 2018.
WANG, Q. J. et al. Primary human herpesvirus 8 infection generates a broadly specific CD8(+) T-cell response to viral lytic cycle proteins. Blood, v. 97, p. 2366-73, 2001.
WEBSTER-CYRIAQUE, J. et al. Oral EBV and KSHV infection in HIV. Advances in Dental Research, v. 19, p. 91-95, 2006.
WEST, J. T.; WOOD, C.The role of Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8 regulator of transcription activation (RTA) in control of gene expression. Oncogene, v. 22, p. 5150-63, 2003.
WHO. World Health Organization. Global update on the health sector response to HIV, 2014. Disponível em: ?http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/128196/1/WHO_HIV_2014.15_eng.pdf?ua=1?. Acesso em 17 nov 2015.
YE, F.; LEI, X.; GAO, S-J. Mechanisms of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency and reactivation. Adv Virol, 2011.
